TENSORS. BASIC CONCEPTS. PART 4

Hello friends of Steemit, today I present the fourth part of the basic concepts of tensors.

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PRINCIPLE OF TENSION OF CAUCHY


In Figure 1, a continuous medium is represented occupying the R region of space, and is subject to surface forces (forces acting on a surface element, either a portion of the boundary surface of the continuous medium or an internal surface arbitrary), and mass forces (forces acting on all the volume elements of a continuous medium). Because the forces are transmitted from one region of the continuous medium to another, the matter of an arbitrary volume V contained in a closed surface S interacts with the matter outside this volume.

The average force per unit area in ΔS is given by . The principle of cauchy tension states that this relation tends to a defined limit when ΔS tends to zero at point P, while at the same time the moment of with respect to point P is canceled when the limit is taken. The resulting vector (force per unit area) is called the tension vector and is shown in Figure 2.

Mathematically, the tension vector is defined by


The notation is used to enhance the fact that the tension vector at a given point P of the continuous medium depends explicitly on the particular surface element ΔS chosen and represented by the unit normal .

STATUS OF TENSION AT A POINT. TENSION TENSOR

At an arbitrary point P of a continuous medium, the Cauchy stress principle associates a tension vector to each unit normal vector , which represents the orientation of an infinitesimal surface element containing P as an interior point, as shows in Figure 2. The totality of all possible pairs of such vectors in P, defines the state of tension at that point.

It is not necessary to specify each pair of vectors, tension and normal to the plane, to fully describe the state of tension at a given point.

Then, the equations of transformation of coordinates serve to relate to the tension vector of any other plane that passes through the point, with the three given planes.

 [Figure 3.Graphical representation of the tension tensor components in an orthogonal base](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_tensi%C3%B3n#/media/File:Tenseur_des_contraintes_generalise.png)

Each of the three tension vectors associated with the coordinate planes can be written according to their Cartesian components:


The nine components of the tension vector, are the components of a second order Cartesian tensor known as a tension tensor.

then, the tension tensor written in matrix form takes the form:


TENSORIAL FORM OF THE GRADIENT, THE DIVERGENCE AND THE ROTATIONAL

• Gradient

If Φ is a scalar or invariant, the gradient of Φ is defined by


where is the covariant derivative of with respect to .

• Divergence

the divergence of is the contraction of its covariant derivative with respect to that is, it is the contraction of So:


• Rotational

the rotational of is


Which is a tensor of order two. The rotational is also defined as

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REFERENCES:

(1) Mase, G., 1977, Mecánica Del Medio Continuo, Libros McGraw Hill de México, S.A. de C.V.

(2) Borisenko, A.I. y Tarapov, I. E., 1968, Vector and Tensor Analysis with Applications, Dover Publications, Inc. New York, USA.

(3) Sokolnikoff, I. S., 1951, Tensor Analysis: Theory and Applications, Jhon Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.

(4) Murray R., Seymour, L. y Dennis, S., 1998, Análisis Vectorial, 2° edición, McGraw-Hill/Interamericana editores, S.A. de C.V.

Figure 1 and 2 were taken from the reference (1)